Foros Chinos y multilateralismo estratégico: La política exterior de China en el siglo XXI
Palabras clave:
Foros Chinos, multilateralismo, política exterior, China, geopolítica
Resumen
En su ascenso como potencia mundial, China ha promovido una serie de foros multilaterales, denominados Foros Chinos, con el objetivo de fortalecer la cooperación económica y política con otras naciones. Estos foros incorporan elementos clave del multilateralismo, como la participación de un amplio abanico de países, el diálogo basado en el consenso y una flexibilidad funcional adaptativa. El propósito de este artículo es analizar la naturaleza y el papel de estos foros en la política exterior china. Para ello, el estudio se estructura en cuatro secciones: la primera ofrece un análisis conceptual del multilateralismo; la segunda examina la evolución de la política exterior china; la tercera sección analiza y compara la dinámica operativa y el alcance de los foros, y finalmente, se presentan los hallazgos principales y algunas reflexiones finales.
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Citas
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Qin, Yaqing. (2016). A Relational Theory of World Politics. International Studies Review, 18(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viv031
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Stephen, Matthew. (2021). China's New Multilateral Institutions: A Framework and Research Agenda. International Studies Review, 23(3), 807–834. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa076
Telias, Diego. (2020). Los Foros China-CELAC y China-CEEC (17+1): Una mirada desde las teorías del regionalismo. Revista Tempo do Mundo, (24), 225–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.38116/rtm24art8
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Vogel, Ezra F. (2011). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Waltz, Kenneth. (1979). Theory of international politics. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Wendt, Alexander. (1987). The agent-structure problem in international relations theory. International Organization. Vol. 41(3), 335–370.: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830002751X
Wendt, Alexander. (1992). Anarchy? Constructivism: A theory of international politics. Cambridge University Press.
Yue, Jianyong. (2018). China’s Rise in the Age of Globalization Myth or Reality? Palgrave Macmillan.
Baru, Sanjaya y Sharma, Rahul. (2021). A New Cold War: Henry Kissinger and the Rise of China. HarperCollins.
Beckman, Robert y Dang, Vu Hai Dang. (2021). ASEAN and the South China Sea. En Zou Keyuan (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of the South China Sea [pp. 336–356]. Routledge.
Boao Forum for Asia (BFA). (2024a). About BFA [en línea]. https://english.boaoforum.org/about.html
Boao Forum for Asia (BFA). (2024b). Areas of Focus[en línea]. https://english.boaoforum.org/areasofConcern.html
Boao Forum for Asia (BFA). (2024c). BFA Charter [en línea]. https://english.boaoforum.org/newsDetial.html?navId=1&itemId=1&permissionId=117&detialId=2124
Belt and Road Forum (BRF). (2017). Joint Communique of the Leaders Roundtable of the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation [en línea]. https://2017.beltandroadforum.org/english/n100/2017/0516/c22-423.html
BRICS Policy Center (2016). The China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF) [en línea]. https://bricspolicycenter.org/en/forum-de-cooperacao-china-paises-arabes/
Brona, Adrian. (2018). One Belt, One Road: new framework for international relations? Polish Journal of Political Science, 4(2), 57–76. https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531309
Callahan, William. (2015). History, Tradition and the China Dream: Socialist Modernization in the World of Great Harmony. Journal of Contemporary China, 24(96), 983–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2015.1030915
Carrai, Maria Adele. (2019). Sovereignty in China. A Genealogy of a Concept Since 1840. Cambridge University Press.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2024). The World Factbook: Macau [en línea]. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/macau/
China – Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF). (2024). Mecanismo del Foro [en línea]. http://www.chinaarabcf.org/ltjz/bzjhy_1/dshijbzjhy/
China – CELAC Forum (CCF). (2015). Institutional arrangements [en línea]. http://www.chinacelacforum.org/eng/zywj_3/201501/t20150123_6475947.htm
Chen, Jian. (2001). Mao's China and the Cold War. University of North Carolina Press.
Chen, Zhimin y Zhang, Xueying. (2020). Chinese conception of the world order in a turbulent Trump era. The Pacific Review, 33(3–4), 438–468.
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan; Houghton, Benjamin y Dan Wang, Amjed Rasheed. (2023). China and the Arab Region: Dynamics of Engagement. En Young-Chan Kim (Ed.), China’s Engagement with the Islamic Nations: A Clash or Collaboration of Modern Civilisation? [1–19]. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31042-3_1
Finnemore, Martha. (1996). National Interests and International Institutions. Cornell University Press.
Forum on China – Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). (2024). FOCAC mechanisms [en línea]. http://www.focac.org/eng/ltjj_3/ltjz/
Foot, Rosemary. (2020). China, the UN, and Human Protection: Beliefs, Power, Image. Oxford University Press.
Foro Macao (2024). About Forum Macao [en línea]. https://www.forumchinaplp.org.mo/en/about/forum-introduction
Gong, Ding. (2019). Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. En Cau Fang y Peter Nolan (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of the Belt and Road [381–385]. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429203039
Hu, Weixing. (2020). The United States, China, and the Indo-Pacific Strategy. China Review, 20(3), 127–142.
Huang, Yiping. (2016). Understanding China's Belt & Road Initiative: Motivation, framework and assessment. China Economic Review, 40, 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.07.007
Iskanderova, Amina. (2023). Transformation Of China-USA Relations. Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-03-01-01
Keohane, Robert. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton University Press.
Keohane, Robert y Nye, Joseph. (1977). Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Little, Brown and Company.
Krasner, Stephen. (1983). International Regimes. Cornell University Press.
Lascurain Fernández, Mauricio. (2025) China y el orden liberal: evaluación de su participación en la ONU y la OMC. Brazilian Journal of International Relations, 14, e025001. https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2024.v13.e024023
Mearsheimer, John. (1994). The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security, 19(3), 5–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539078
Méndez, Álvaro y Turzi, Mariano. (2020). The Political Economy of China-Latin America Relations: The AIIB Membership. Springer Nature. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33451-2
Mierzejewski, Dominik; Kowalski, Bartosz y Jura, Jaroslaw. (2023). The Domestic Mechanisms of China’s Vertical Multilateralism: The FOCAC and the 16+1 Format Case Studies. Journal of Contemporary China, 32(142), 652–668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2022.2109842
Morgenthau, Hans. (1948). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Alfred A. Knopf.
Ngundu, Marvellous y Ngalawa, Harold. (2023). Analyzing the Evolution of China-Africa Economic Integration: A Wavelet Approach. The Journal of Economic Integration, 38(2), 302–321. https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2023.38.2.302
Nye, Joseph. (2023). Soft Power and Great-Power Competition. China and Globalization Series. Springer.
Putnam, Robert. (1988). Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games. International Organization, 42(3), 427–460. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706785
Qin, Yaqing. (2016). A Relational Theory of World Politics. International Studies Review, 18(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viv031
Ruggie, John Gerard. (1992). Multilateralism: The anatomy of an institution. International Organization, 46(3), 561–598. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027831
Shih, Chih-yu; Huang, Chiung-chiu; Yeophantong, Pichamon; Bunskoek, Raoul; Ikeda, Josuke; Hwang, Yih-Jye; Wang, Hung-jen; Chang, Chih-yun y Chen, Ching-chang. (2019). China and International Theory. The Balance of Relationships, 1 ed. Routledge.
Shirk, Susan L. (2007). China: Fragile Superpower. Oxford University Press.
Smith, Stephen. (2020). World Order with Chinese Characteristics: The Development of Chinese International Relations Theory and Implications for China’s Foreign Policy [Tesis de doctorado, Universidad de Ottawa]. https://curve.carleton.ca/a94322d8-0a4c-44b2-9fc8-47b995211701
Staiano, María Francesca y Bogado, Laura. (2017). Las Teorías de las Relaciones internacionales con “características chinas” y su implicancia para América Latina. Relaciones Internacionales, 26(53), 135–148.
Stephen, Matthew. (2021). China's New Multilateral Institutions: A Framework and Research Agenda. International Studies Review, 23(3), 807–834. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa076
Telias, Diego. (2020). Los Foros China-CELAC y China-CEEC (17+1): Una mirada desde las teorías del regionalismo. Revista Tempo do Mundo, (24), 225–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.38116/rtm24art8
Vadell, Javier Alberto. (2018). El Foro China-CELAC y el nuevo regionalismo para un mundo multipolar: Desafíos para la Cooperación Sur-Sur. Carta Internacional, 13(1), 6–37. https://doi.org/10.21530/ci.v13n1.2018.733
Vogel, Ezra F. (2011). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Waltz, Kenneth. (1979). Theory of international politics. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Wendt, Alexander. (1987). The agent-structure problem in international relations theory. International Organization. Vol. 41(3), 335–370.: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830002751X
Wendt, Alexander. (1992). Anarchy? Constructivism: A theory of international politics. Cambridge University Press.
Yue, Jianyong. (2018). China’s Rise in the Age of Globalization Myth or Reality? Palgrave Macmillan.
Publicado
2025-05-12
Cómo citar
Lascurain Fernández, M. (2025). Foros Chinos y multilateralismo estratégico: La política exterior de China en el siglo XXI. EntreDiversidades, 22, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.31644/ED.IEI.V22.2025.A05
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Sección
Artículos de Investigación
Derechos de autor 2025 EntreDiversidades
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
